The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023 is the new criminal procedure law of India. It replaces the old Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC), 1973. This law explains how police should investigate, how courts should conduct trials, how bail is given, and how punishment is carried out in criminal cases.
The BNSS is designed to make the system
- Faster (with fixed time limits),
- More transparent (with digital records),
- Victim-friendly (victims get updates),
- And digitally advanced (e-FIRs, video recordings, online complaints).
It contains 531 sections and brings several modern changes such as:
- Online FIR filing
- Zero FIR (FIR can be filed at any police station)
- Mandatory forensic use in serious crimes
- Police custody split across investigation period
- Digital summons, e-warrants
- Audio-video recording of statements
- Live updates for victims
- Timeline for charge sheets and trials
BNSS came into effect from 1st July 2024 and is part of the government's effort to modernize criminal laws along with BNS (criminal code) and BSA (evidence law).
FAQs
Q: What is BNSS and how is it different from CrPC?
A: BNSS replaces CrPC and brings digital filing, stricter timelines, forensic use, and victim rights. It modernizes criminal procedure.
Q: Do I still need to go to a police station to file an FIR?
A: No, FIRs can be filed online under BNSS.
Q: What is a Zero FIR and is it valid under BNSS?
A: Yes, Zero FIRs continue—you can file an FIR anywhere, even if the crime happened elsewhere.
Q: Can police delay filing an FIR now?
A: No, police must file FIR immediately or give written reasons for not doing so.
Q: What if police refuse to file my FIR?
A: You can complain online or go to a superior officer or Magistrate, who can order registration.
Q: Will my statements in police station be recorded?
A: Yes, important statements will be audio-video recorded for proof and transparency.
Q: What is the new rule on police custody?
A: Police custody of 15 days can now be split up during investigation (not necessarily consecutive).
Q: Are there time limits to complete trials?
A: Yes, courts should finish serious trials within 2 years, ideally.
Q: What is the benefit of forensic evidence being made mandatory?
A: It ensures scientific proof, reduces false charges or wrongful acquittals.
Q: Can I get updates about my case status?
A: Yes, BNSS mandates digital updates to victims and complainants.
Q: Is there any change in how arrest warrants are issued?
A: Yes, courts can issue e-warrants and digital notices to speed up the process.
Q: Does BNSS say anything about bail reforms?
A: Yes, bail can now be applied online, and courts are encouraged to decide quickly.
Q: Is anticipatory bail still available?
A: Yes, anticipatory bail continues under BNSS (unlike earlier drafts that proposed to remove it).
Q: Are undertrials getting any relief?
A: Yes, there are rules to release undertrials if they've spent half their max sentence in jail.
Q: What about absconders and fugitives?
A: BNSS has stricter provisions to deal with absconders, including attachment of property.
Q: Will digital signatures and e-summons be valid?
A: Yes, BNSS allows digital summons, warrants, and orders for faster communication.
Q: Are there any protections for women or minors during police work?
A: Yes, BNSS reaffirms rules like no arrest of women after sunset, and special care for minors.
Q: Is the system really going to be faster?
A: That’s the aim. With technology, timelines, and accountability, delays should reduce.
Q: What happens to ongoing cases under CrPC?
A: They will continue under transitional provisions — no case will be dismissed or restarted.
Q: Can this law be challenged in court?
A: Yes, any citizen can challenge specific parts in High Court or Supreme Court if they feel it violates fundamental rights.
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